ANATOMY KEY POINTS »
DIAPHRAGMATIC OPENINGS
• Level of vena caval opening: T8
• Level of esophageal opening: T10
• Level of aortic opening: T12
• Caval opening is through: Central part
• Aortic opening is through: Osseo-aponeurotic opening (not a true opening)
• Esophageal opening is through: Muscular part of diaphragm
• Right phrenic nerve passes through: Vena caval opening
• Vagus nerve passes through: Esophageal opening
• Esophageal branch of left gastric artery passes through: Esophageal opening
• Azygous vein passes through: Aortic opening
ARTERIES
• Formed by union of 2 vertebral arteries: Basilar A.
• Inferior vesical artery is a branch of: Anterior division of internal iliac artery
• Uterine A. is a branch of: Anterior division of internal iliac A.
• Inferior thyroid A. is a branch of: Thyrocervical trunk
• Ascending pharyngeal A. is a branch of: External carotid A.
• Internal pudendal A. is a branch of: Anterior division of Internal iliac A.
• Left gastro-epiploic A. is a branch of: Splenic A.
• Splenic A. is a branch of: Coeliac trunk
• Cystic A. is a branch of: Right hepatic A.
• Cilio-retinal A. is a branch of: Choroidal A.
• Middle meningeal A. is a branch of: Maxillary A.
• Anterior spinal A. is a branch of: Vertebral A.
• Ophthalmic A. is a branch of: Internal carotid A.
• Medially, superior thyroid artery is related to: External branch of superior laryngeal nerve
EMBRYOLOGY
• Prochordal plate & primitive streak is seen on: 14th day
• Oogonia & germ cell are derived from: Yolk sac
• 1st polar body is formed during: Oogenesis
• 1st polar body is extruded: At the time of ovulation
• Y chromosome is: Acrocentric
• Sperms are stored in: Epididymis
• Length of human sperm: 50-60 microns
• Number of chromosomes are reduced down to half in: 1st meiotic division
• In humans, implantation begins on the: 6th day after fertilization
• Initiation and maintainance of primitive streak is because of: Nodal gene
• Primitive streak develops in which week: 3rd week
• Structure developed from cloaca:
• The cloaca develops into the rectum and upper 2/3 of the anal canal,
• While its anterior subdivision, the urogenital sinus, develops into the bladder and
• In the female, the urethra and vestibule,
• While in the male the prostatic urethra.
Anomaly of pancreas in which the parts of the pancreas derived from the dorsal & ventral buds fail to fuse
with each other: Divided pancreas
FETAL STRUCTURES & ADULT REMNANTS
• Meckel's divertculum: Remnant of vitelline duct
• Ligamentum venosum: Remnant of ductus venosus
• Ligamentum arteriosum: Remnant of ductus arteriosus
• Median umbilical ligament: Remnant of urachus
• Medial umbilical ligaments: Remnant of 2 umbilical arteries
DERIVATIVES OF GERMS LAYERS
• Mesodermal in origin: Kidney, Muscle (EXCEPT musculature of iris), Bone etc.
• Trigone of bladder: Mesoderm
• Somites: Paraxial mesoderm
• Epithelial lining of biliary tract: Endoderm
• Tympanic membrane: All the 3 germ layers
• Derivatives of neural crest:
o Neurons of
Dorsal root,
Sensory &
Autonomic/ sympathetic ganglia
o Schwann cells,
o Melanocytes,
o Mesenchyme of dental papillae etc.
EMBRYOLOGY OF GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
• Collecting duct develops from: Ureteric bud
• Epithelium of ureter develops from: Mesonephros
• Uterus/ appendix testes develops from: Mullerian duct/ paramesonephric duct
• Ovary develops from: Genital ridge
• Scrotum develops from: Genital swelling
• Clitoris develops from: Genital tubercle
PHARYNEGEAL ARCH DERIVATIVES
• Meckel's cartilage develops from: 1st pharyngeal arch
• Sphenomandibular ligament develops from: 1st pharyngeal arch
• Stapes develops from: 2nd pharyngeal arch
• Stylohyoid ligament develops from: 2nd pharyngeal arch
• Greater cornua of hyoid develops from: 3rd pharyngeal arch
• Posterior belly of digastric develops from: 2nd pharyngeal arch
• Anterior belly of digastric develops from: 1st pharyngeal arch
• Platysma develops from: 2nd pharyngeal arch
DERIVATIVES OF PHARYNGEAL POUCHES
• Palatine tonsil develops from: 2nd pharyngeal pouch
Inferior parathyroid gland & thymus develops from: 3rd pharyngeal pouch
• Superior parathyroid gland & ultimobranchial body develops from: 4th pharyngeal pouch
• Parafollicular cells are derived from: Ultimobranchial body
TONGUE
• Muscle of tongue develops from: Occipital myotomes
• Muscles of tongue are: Both smooth & skeletal muscles
• Safety muscle of tongue: Genioglossus
• Pain of Ca base of tongue is referred to the ear through: Glossopharyngeal nerve
• Circumvallate papillae of tongue are supplied by: Glossopharyngeal nerve
• Anterior 2/ 3rd of tongue develops from:
o Lingual swellings &
o Tuberculum impar
• Tate sensation from anterior 2/ 3rd of tongue is by: Chorda tympani (facial)
• Posterior 1/3rd of tongue develops from: Hypobranchial eminence
EPITHELIUM
• Mesothelium of pleura, peritoneum & pericardium is lined by: Simple squamous epithelium
• Nasal cavity, nasal air sinuses, nasopharynx, larynx (EXCEPT vocal cords), trachea & bronchi are lined by:
Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
• True vocal cords, cornea, tonsil & vagina are lined by: Non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Epithelium with extra reserve of cell membrane: Transitional epithelium
• Calyces, ureter, ureterovesical junction & urinary bladder have: Transitional epithelium
HISTOLOGICAL FEATURES
• Brunners gland is present in: Duodenum
• Function of gap junctions: Exchange between cells
• Gustatory system has: Sensory type of neuro-epithelium
• Intercalated disc is present in: Cardiac muscle
• Nucleus in cardiac muscle: Central
• Reticuloendothelial cells of liver are: Kupffer cells
• Space of Disse & space of Mall are seen in: Liver
• Intrinsic factor (Castle) is secreted by: Parietal/ oxyntic cells
• Chief/ peptic/ zymogen cells lines the: Body of the gland (secrete pepsinogen)
• Paneth cells (intestine) are rich in: Rough ER
• Epiglottis is an example of: Elastic cartilage
BRACHIAL PLEXUS
• Nerve arising from the trunks of brachial plexus:
o Suprascapular nerve,
o Subclavius nerve
• Musculocutaneous nerve arises from: Lateral cord
• Subscapular nerve arises from: Posterior cord
• Erbs point is: Union of C5 & C6
• Erb's palsy involves: Upper trunk of brachial plexus
• Klumpke's paralysis is: Injury to lower trunk of brachial plexus
HAND
• Hypothenar area (medial third of palm) is supplied by: Ulnar nerve
Palmar & dorsal interossei are supplied by: Ulnar nerve
• Adductor pollicis (adduction of thumb) is supplied by: Ulnar nerve
• Froment sign/ Book test is done for: Ulnar nerve injury
• Thenar eminence is supplied by: Median nerve
• Lunate dislocation may injure: Median nerve
• Ape thumb deformity is seen in: Median nerve injury
HIP & THIGH
• Nerve of medial/ adductor compartment of thigh: Obturator nerve
• Gluteus maximus is supplied by: Inferior gluteal nerve
• Gluteus minimus, G. medius & tensor fascia lata is supplied by: Superior gluteal nerve
• Action of sartorius & piriformis: Lateral rotation
• Superior & inferior gemelli action: Lateral rotation
• Abductors of the hip: Gluteus medius & gluteus minimus
• Function of ileofemoral ligament/ ligament of Bigelow: Prevents hyperextension at the hip
• Root value of pudendal nerve: S2, S3, S4
• Root value of obturator nerve: L2, L3, L4
KNEE
• Extensor of the knee joint: Quadricep femoris
• Posterior dislocation of femur is prevented by: Anterior cruciate ligament
• Posterior dislocation of the tibia is prevented by: Posterior cruciate ligament
ESOPHAGUS
• Esophagus pierces diaphragm at a distance of: 15 inches (from incisor)
• Length of esophagus: 25 cm
• Esophagus commences at: Lower end of cricoid
• Epithelium of esophagus: Stratified squamous non keratinized
• Most common site for oesophageal obstruction: Crico-oesophageal junction
HEART
• Inferior surface of the heart is formed by: Both ventricles
• Base of heart is formed by: Both atrium
• Part of heart lying close to esophagus: Left atrium
• Trabeculae carnea is present in: Right ventricle
• Anterior wall of left ventricle is supplied by: Left anterior descending artery
• Right coronary artery arises from: Anterior aortic cusp
• In right dominance, posterior interventricular artery originates from: Right coronary artery
• SA node, AV node & AV bundle is supplied by: Right coronary artery
• Middle cardiac vein follows: Posterior interventricular artery
• SVC & IVC opens into: Right atrium
• Coronary sinus drains into: Right atrium
CRANIAL NERVES
• Artery crossing optic nerve: Ophthalmic artery
• Cranial nerve having longest intracranial course: Trochlear
• Cranial nerve 3 & 4 have their nuclei in: Midbrain
• Cranial nerve 9, 10, 11, 12 have their nuclei in: Medulla
• Cranial nerve emerging from the dorsal aspect of brain: Trochlear
Muscles supplied by facial nerve:
o Platysma,
o Muscles of facial expression,
o Buccinator etc.
• Glands supplied by facial nerve:
o Submandibular,
o Lacrimal,
o Nasal glands
• Gustatory sensation to soft palate is carried by: Facial nerve
• Ganglion related to facial nerve:
o Pterygopalatine ganglion,
o Geniculate ganglion etc.
• Arterial supply to facial nerve: Ascending pharyngeal artery
• All palatal muscles (except tensor palati) are supplied by: Cranial part of Accessory nerve
• Right hypoglossal nerve palsy will deviate the tongue to: Right side
• Paralysis of 3, 4 & 6 cranial nerve indicates lesion of: Cavernous sinus (these nerve lies in lateral wall of
cavernous sinus)
• Afferent pathway of corneal reflex: Trigeminal nerve (nasociliary branch of ophthalmic/ V1 division)
FORAMEN OF SKULL
• Contents of optic canal:
o Optic nerve &
o Ophthalmic artery
• Contents of foramen rotundum: Maxillary division of cranial nerve V
• Contents of foramen ovate:
o Mandibular division of cranial nerve V,
o Accessory meningeal artery etc.
• Contents of foramen spinosum:
o Middle meningeal artery,
o Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve etc.
• Contents of foramen magnum:
o Accessory nerve,
o Vertebral & spinal arteries (NOT spinal cord) etc.
• Contents of jugular foramen:
o 9, 10 & 11 cranial nerves,
o Internal jugular vein,
o Inferior petrosal sinus
• Contents of internal auditory meatus:
o 7 & 8 cranial nerve,
o Labyrinthine artery
• Content of Dorellos canal: Cranial nerve 6
LARYNX
• Cartilages of larynx: 3 paired & 3 unpaired
• Sensory innervation above the level of vocal cords is by: Internal laryngeal nerve
• Sensory innervation of larynx below the level of vocal cords: Recurrent laryngeal nerve
• Nerve supply of cricothyroid: External laryngeal nerve
• Abductor of vocal cords: Posterior crico-arytenoid
Tensor of vocal cords: Cricothyroid
BRAIN
• Primary auditory area is in: Superior part of the temporal gyrus
• Primary visual area is in: Occipital lobe
• Loss of tactile localization & 2 point discrimination occurs in damage to: Somatosensory area 1
• Functions of limbic system:
o Emotions,
o Memory &
o Higher functions
LYMPAHTIC DRAINAGE
• Lymphatics drainage of testis: Para-aortic node
• Clitoris & glans Penis: Cloquet node/ Rossenmullers node
• Labium majus: Superficial inguinal node
• Testis: Pre-aortic & para-aortic nodes
• Tip of tongue: Submental nodes
• Spongiform urethra: Deep inguinal nodes
• Lymphatics are not present in: Brain, choroid, internal ear, cornea
VEINS
• Left gonadal vein drain into: Left renal vein
• Great cerebral vein (of Galen) is formed by the union of: Internal cerebral veins
• Great cerebral vein drains into: Straight sinus
• Portal vein is formed by: Union of splenic vein & superior mesenteric vein (behind neck of pancreas)
• Normal portal pressure is: 5-10 mm Hg
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